Research Proposal - 1193 Words

Research Proposal 1. Proposed working title Global Marketing versus Domestic Marketing- a critical Evaluation. 2. Research Background/ Context This research is focused to understand how a Global company is able to adapt to different marketing situation that is existing in different countries. A company can said to be Global if it can sell its products at a reasonable price with a dependable quality in every nation it serves. The concept of Global Marketing is viewing the entire set of countries markets as one unit and then developing a marketing plan through cost standardisation. When developing a plan the researchers have to understand both controllable and uncontrollable elements of business (Kotler, 2006) that is existing†¦show more content†¦Porter suggested that the intensity of competition is determined by the relative strengths of these forces. Porter analysis helps to understand rivalry between existing sellers in the market, the power exerted by the customers in the market, the impact of the suppliers on the sellers, the potential threat of new sellers entering the market, and the threat of substitute products becoming available in the market. Thurlby (1998) says that understanding of the five forces helps the organization to develop appropriate strategies to be successful in the market. Also various theorists like Hofstede (1980), Charles Handy (2006) is also used as they help to understand the influence of culture and its impact in the performance of the organization. 7. Methodology To conduct this research I have used research Exploratory Method to analyse primarily through Secondary data collection methods that is through Books, Internet and Journals. This method is used as there are thousands of books, journals and articles are polished about global and domestic marketing .This gives a clear view about the topic and helps us to reach a hypothesis. Authors like Boyd.W, Westfall.R, Stasch.F (2004), Bush and Burns (2006) support this argument. Advantages of ExploratoryShow MoreRelatedResearch Proposal661 Words   |  3 PagesTO: Professor Sara Cutting FROM: Kiersten McCaffrey DATE: February 18, 2014 SUBJECT: Begin Business Plan for Potential Future Investment Background In the beginning of the semester you requested that I research a topic related to a personal decision such as a future goal. I am currently employed at a yoga studio and have a general understanding of the hard work that goes into running a small business. At the same time, I also directly see the benefits of owning a successful business.Read MoreProposal For A Research Proposal814 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is it? A typical research proposal is used by scholars and students who have an interest in your field. This usually happens as part of a grant application, postgraduate application (PhD), or for a final year dissertation. It usually ranges from 1,000-3,000 words and is a summary of what is being proposed to study. It is usually judged by content and proposal format. A Research proposal should†¦ Clearly set out what the research is going to be about. This includes a provisional/working titleRead MoreResearch Proposal1267 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Proposal: It addresses a particular project: academic or scientific research.  It also contains extensive literature reviews and must offer convincing support of need for the research study being proposed.   Doctoral dissertations begin with research proposal; the proposal must be accepted by a panel of experts (usually professors) before the actual research can begin.   In addition to providing rationale for the proposed research, the proposal must describe a detailed methodology for conductingRead MoreResearch Proposal1447 Words   |  6 PagesCohort January 2013 Module Title Business Research Issue and Anylysis (Module code BAMG 2104 ) Assignment Topic/ Title Research Proposal Name of Instructor Dr Michael Ng Name of Student 1) AU Kwan Tai, 2) Chan Yan Ki, 3) Choi Chak Pan, 4) Chong Ka Chun DMU Student No. 1) P13014477 , 2) P13014523 3) P13014614, 4) P13014628 Group No. Date of Submission 25 Feb, 2014 DMU Business Research Methods Research P roposal 1. Research Project Title The relationship betweenRead MoreResearch Proposal1706 Words   |  7 PagesMOI UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS. Course: RESEARCH METHODS Course code: ECO 217 Task: GROUP ASSIGNMENT NAMES REG. NO. SIGN 1. HUSSEIN IBRAHIM ABDIRAHMAN ECO/201/O9 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. THIONG AGUTORead MoreResearch Proposal2386 Words   |  10 PagesResearch Proposal Tony Franco, Anita Badejo, Annie Petroian Malhami, Brenda Baillargeon, Christina Hyett, Kenneth Haynes RES/351 June 11, 2012 Dr. James Gartside University of Phoenix Research Proposal In recent years, the amount of media coverage surrounding assisted suicide, or euthanasia, has increased. The term evokes a multitude of emotive responses. The Royal College of Nursing completed research on the issue of euthanasia initiating change in their policy of opposition to euthanasiaRead MoreParts of a Research Proposal2853 Words   |  12 PagesPARTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL Typical parts of a research proposal are: Title (or Cover) Page Abstract Table of Contents Introduction (including Statement of Problem, Purpose of Research, and Significance of Research) Background (including Literature Survey) Description of Proposed Research (including Method or Approach) Description of Relevant Institutional Resources List of References Personnel Budget The Title (or Cover) Page. Most sponsoring agencies specify the format for the title page,Read MoreDifferences Between Formal Research and Business Proposals1403 Words   |  6 PagesDifferences between â€Å"Formal Research† and â€Å"Business Proposals† There is a great difference between a formal research proposal and a business proposal. In fact these two types of proposals seem to be very similar but there are critical differences in the overall purpose, uses and goals. With such distinct differences for a writer it helps in understanding for writing the formal research proposal or business proposal more effectively. The general purpose of a proposal is the identify a particularRead MoreDesign Research Proposal1022 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Design The research question for this research proposal is: is participation in a Housing First program effective in preventing reoccurrences of child maltreatment with families who have a history of housing instability? This research proposal will examine the hypothesis: Families with a history of instability will be less likely to commit child maltreatment when they are enrolled in a Housing First program as compared to those who are not enrolled. A longitudinal design study will be usedRead MoreGuidelines on Writing a Research Proposal2565 Words   |  11 PagesGuidelines on writing a research proposal Introduction This is a guide to writing M.A. research proposals. The same principles apply to dissertation proposals and to proposals to most funding agencies. It includes a model outline, but advisor, committee and funding agency expectations vary and your proposal will be a variation on this basic theme. Use these guidelines as a point of departure for discussions with your advisor. They may serve as a straw-man against which to build your understanding

reconstruction Essay - 1028 Words

Andrew Johnson took office after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865. He was a Southern Democrat from Tennessee, when he became president, the Civil War had ended and reconstruction was in its beginning stages. Johnson was then faced with the same problems Lincoln had -- the challenge of mending a broken nation, yet there was a definite difference in the ways Johnson and Lincoln approached the problems of Reconstruction. Johnson was not one of our best or brightest presidents, he did not care about his public appearance and he was not good at making decisions. One of the most illogical decisions Johnson made as president was to start a new reconstruction plan, before his death Lincoln already had a plan set out. Yet Johnson†¦show more content†¦This was not a good idea for Johnson because he already had a lot of enemies because he was a radical democrat from the South. The south loathed him because he was a democrat and the North loathed him due to his lenient treat ment of the South. The North wanted to deal with the South brutality yet Johnson handed out many pardons to the Confederates, pushed to restore civilian control in the Southern states and shied away from implementing voting rights for blacks. From the beginning, Johnson was at odds with the Radical Republicans, who favored radical reconstruction of the defeated Southern states, including military rule and distribution of both land and voting rights to blacks. Later these same people voted to impeach him. Johnson believed that the government should be indulgent with the Southerners. Since that is how he felt he took the insinuative to make a proclamation of amnesty in May 1865, without giving the public any say in the matter. This angered a lot of Democrats and Northerners who felt that the South should not just be pardoned that they should be reprimanded. Then Johnson took it a step further by not only pardoning all of the southerners but, allowing them to have and form their own new governments. This allowed the south to have ex-confederate leaders to hold spaces in the senate, for example, Senator Alexander H. Stephens who was the vice president of the Confederacy. At this point a lot of people were tried of Johnson as thereShow MoreRelatedCrime Scene Reconstruction1438 Words   |  6 PagesKristin Waters Crime Scene Reconstruction ENC 1102-154 Reconstructing a crime scene takes a lot of effort from experienced law enforcement, medical examiners, and criminalists. All of these professionals give unique perspectives to develop a crime-scene reconstruction. Forensic scientists also play a vital role in helping to reconstruct the crime scene. They use the crime-scene reconstruction to show events that occurred prior to, during, and after a crime was committed. (Saferstein, 2009) Read MoreReconstruction Of Reconstruction And Reconstruction1031 Words   |  5 PagesReconstruction what is it?What does it mean to reconstruct? Is it possible to reconstruct nowadays? Reconstruction started in 1865 and ended in 1877.Reconstruction took place mostly in the south. Reconstruction was created to help fix the problems in the new union after slavery, but sadly didn t end well causing an all white government into power and failing the union. New economic,political and industrial growth was being made. New job opportunities were being m ade for the people and former blackRead MoreReconstruction Goals : Reconstruction And Reconstruction1296 Words   |  6 PagesReconstruction Goals Reconstruction started in 1865 after the war was coming to an end and completed in 1877. It Is the process by which federal government controlled the former Confederate states and the conditions for their readmission to the union. Abraham Lincoln was our president at the time and could not form a treaty with the defeated government. After the emancipation, thousands of freedmen left their plantation to find a new life without being owned and forced to work. This began theRead MoreReconstruction : The Failure Of Reconstruction1529 Words   |  7 PagesReconstruction: By: Siryet Girma 1,514 words 7 pages Historical Paper Reconstruction: the failure Reconstruction was a failure because African American were still not equal to White Americans. The Emancipation Proclamation was proclaimed in January 1, 1863. It freed more than 3 million slaves in the Confederate states by January 1, 1863, blacks enlisted in the Union Army in large numbers, reaching some 180,000 by war’sRead MoreReconstruction Of The Reconstruction Era1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reconstruction Era was known as a time to reconstruct the United States of America by the expansion of governmental power that began in 1865. â€Å"There were two central problems that animated Reconstruction; providing justice for freedmen and facilitating national reconciliation. (A New Birth of Freedom, pg. 1) After the 12 year span, reconstructing the nation succeeded in only a few of the goals that were set out to achieve within those 12 years that it was in progress. The Reconstruction’s intentionsRead MoreThe Legacy Of Reconstruction And Reconstructio n Essay2362 Words   |  10 PagesRecent books on Reconstruction†¦have infused their subjects with drama by focusing on violent confrontations,† Eric Foner notes in the introduction of the updated edition to his 1988 publication Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. Up until now, Foner’s revisionist historiography of Reconstruction was the only alternative offered to the Dunning School’s account of the important historical era. In recent years a neo-revisionist interpretation of Reconstruction has emerged inRead MoreFacial Reconstructions2008 Words   |  9 PagesForensic Facial Reconstructions Samantha McAnally CRMJ430 April 20, 2013 Abstract This paper will focus mainly on the history and the various techniques that forensic facial reconstruction has to offer. It will also go over some problems or an issue that is process has faced over the years. The Daubert Standard will discuss and how facial reconstruction was allowed as evidence thru this standard. I will go over all the periods of time that facial reconstruction was used. ComputerizedRead MoreBreast Reconstruction Procedures For Women1221 Words   |  5 PagesBrickell neighborhood. He performs breast reconstruction procedures for women who have had a mastectomy. With breast reconstruction surgery, Dr. G can provide women with natural-looking, shapely breasts. Types of Breast Reconstruction Procedures Available Near Brickell For some patients, reconstruction can begin during their mastectomy. Other patients may choose to have their breast reconstruction at some point after their mastectomy. Typically, breast reconstruction surgery involves several surgical sessionsRead More Reconstruction Essay932 Words   |  4 Pages Reconstruction took place after the end of the civil war. The reason for reconstruction was to put the union back together and free the slaves once and for all. Reconstruction took three eras to be completed. The first was Lincoln, the second Andrew Johnson, and the third was the Congressional â€Å"hard plan.† The Lincoln era lasted from 1863-1865. On December of 1863 the decree of â€Å"soft plan† was introduced. The â€Å"soft plan† included amnesty for the southerners that took the loyalty oath. It alsoRead MoreReconstruction Vs Republican Reconstruction Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pagesappearance of the Reconstruction Era in 1865. It was a period in which Americans â€Å"put the pieces together†. People were split after the Civil War, some wanted to reconstruct the Confederate states- where it is politically and economically damaged- and the others wanted to have revenge against the South because they caused the war that resulted with memories of death and suffer the Americans had to endure. And that was a reason of the emerging of the Presidential Reconstruction and the Republican

Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations Department Free Essays

An efficient work force is important to the overall success of any organization and this also has implications for the overall success of a country’s economy. Not only do organizations require adequate numbers of workers to fill essential positions, these workers need to be highly productive so that the organization makes optimal use of the capital it invests in labour. It is evident therefore that the overall productivity of the workforce will go a far way in determining the eventual viability of the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations Department or any similar topic only for you Order Now Analysts have tended to link worker productivity with increased living standards, arguing that increased efficiency leads to increased remuneration which therefore improves individual as well as national living standards (Monthly Labour Review, 2007). The counter to this position is that employees who are producing below a certain minimum standard may affect the productivity of the entire organization, so much so, that organizational productivity decreases over time. In these days of harsh competition, organizations cannot afford to make such grave mistakes when it comes to recruiting new staff members. All current, new and aspiring employees must have in mind the vision and goal of the company and work towards their accomplishment in the most efficient way possible. Seeing the importance of a productive workforce in determining organizational success, it is evident that organizations have to adopt appropriate strategies to attract the best employees to fill all positions within the organization. While it is difficult to predict, at the initial stages, the level at which a potential employee will produce, it is essential that organizations ensure that mechanisms are put in place which ensure that the recruitment and selection process results in the hiring of employees that will contribute to the overall productivity of the firm by bringing to the job high productivity. Recruitment and selection of employees to a firm cannot be a light matter but must be dealt with by individuals who are themselves highly productive and committed to the overall vision and goals of the organization. Recruitment and selection are functions over which the human resource manager has universal control. It is this category of employees in an organization who are closely conversant with the overall goals of the organization and who are in the best position to decide on appropriate candidates for employment. Management is a process of effectively taking advantage of manpower, materials and resources as well as financial power, to realize the aims of an organization. Since the 1990s the science of management control has witnessed significant changes at both the governmental and organizational levels. The society seems now to be evolving from one that has traditionally been hierarchical to one that features plural management. Nowadays various managers function within a single organization to carry out certain specific functions, decentralizing control. Management science as a field of enquiry developed within large corporations. In the western world the management control literature was piloted at the beginning of the 19th century by theorists such as Taylor and Fayol among others (see Taylor, 1911). In this early era control was seen as an essential aspect and function of management. Control primarily involved the management control of activities, cash flows, people, organizational units and managers. However, as time progressed, the concept of Human Resource Management emerged as an improvement on previous management control models. The HR department is the locus through which the organization is able to meet and sustain its employment needs. Continued and improved worker productivity is therefore one of the primary objectives of the HR department. This department needs to be aware of the organization’s employment strategy, in order to assist by looking for the right talents to help this strategy. It is becoming increasingly clear that the job market is much like the market for goods and services. Employee recruitment has therefore become a mechanism whereby potential employees market their capabilities on the one hand and businesses attempt to recruit the best workers in the particular field (Breaugh, 1992). At the same time, it is of outmost importance that the Human Resources are managed in the most effective way possible in order to achieve the final goal of management control. HR management, through processes such as recruitment and selection provides aspects that link its activities with the strategy of the business itself (McKenna Beech, 1995). Recruitment and selection therefore represents the first step in the management control processes. Although successful recruitment and selection are not hereby means towards achieving successful management control, there must be a good recruitment and selection system in place to contribute towards this end. This dissertation will attempt to address the twin issue of recruitment and selection. Taking the form of a Case Study, this paper will explore and discuss the various methods and procedures of recruitment and selection being used in a specific company – the Yintao Golf Club Co., Ltd. located in China. Aspects pertinent to recruitment and selection, including job descriptions and interviewing practices will be examined in this case study. By examining a single, Chinese company, the researcher will be able to broaden understanding of the Chinese characteristics of HR management. The researcher will attempt therefore to produce an understanding of the nature of Chinese management control at a miniscule level. How to cite Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations Department, Essays

IT Risk Management Project on Aztek

Question: Discuss about the IT Risk Management Project on Aztek. Answer: IT risk assessment on BYOD within Aztek Financial Services Sector Review In this report, the primary aim is presented to demonstrate the BYOD scheme in projects and its risk management. Risk management is to be conducted with financial services sector reviewing, security requirements, threats identification, and data security risk management. Moreover, these individual sections should be considered with maintaining policy guidelines with necessary initiatives. The risks should be prepared with identifying its severity, impact, likelihood and prioritized mitigation as well (Garcia et al., 2014). The financial sector generally suggests configuring some guidelines to save expenditure and money for integrating it in nay organization. The BYOD strategy is quite efficient with mandatory policy follow-up. Therefore, in this report, the primary risk lies in security and protection concern. As BYOD deals with individual and personal device, security requirements should be enforced among the stakeholders (Bouvain, Baumann Lundmark, 2013). First, the security conce rns are identified as risks from the assessment results and further, the changes were introduced in the study for mitigating them systematically. Most evidently, organizations consider BYOD strategy as saving expenditure with passing their hardware utilization cost and monthly services to the users. To some extent, the finance department should consider some concerns as primary with ensuring limited cost escalation (Fletschner Kenney, 2014). However, the reimbursement should be typically addressed to the eligible devices, conditions for reimbursement, limitations of reimbursement, and monthly stipend amounts. The financial sector should consider the following: Device and Repair Expenditure: The employees should pay for device cost, maintenance, and any repair cost typically (Mols, 2013; Franchoo Pollard, 2012). Moreover, individual employees should be responsible for replacing the devices in terms of most common cases of lost and found. Voice and Data Plan Cost: There are some existing types of cost for payment in BYOD strategy. Some organizations prefer to pay monthly allowance or stipend to the employees for contributing regarding specific data and voice plan. Some organizations entirely pay for the plans whereas, some approach to specific sets of users as managers, executives, and employees (Frame White, 2014). Some of the organizations do not bear any reimbursement cost, they allows a general Wi-Fi connection for employees and allows employees to tether in mobile data plan. In general, the recommendation should be put as not providing any expenses in this aspect as costs can be getting out of control (Chen Zhao, 2012). It is much important considering country wise topics as tax regulations, local service provider contracts, and others. Roaming Charges Responsibility: The roaming charges should be identified as one of the significant risks for any telecom expense management. Telecom expense should avoid this risk as it is a part of EMM solution (Garcia et al., 2014). Moreover, the organizations contact users directly and proactively take notifications from them to avoid device-roaming-state costs. High billing and expenditure can be avoided in this manner. Offer for iTunes Purchases Reimbursement: iTunes is not allowed from most of the organizations for individual applications through it. However, with iTunes and Apples bulk purchasing program, the corporate distribution can purchase most applications and can manage them in EMM tool (Bouvain, Baumann Lundmark, 2013). Mostly, the licensing plan can be beneficial with groups of employees for adoption. For one-off applications, the expense approval can be accepted from manager. Support Cost and Expenditure: The support for Information Technology organizations is identified as community-based approach with offering self-service wikis and up-front support system (Chen Zhao, 2012). The Information Technology support should be responsible for corporate applications, e-mail and calendar software support. Accessories Reimbursement: The personal device accessories should be as per individual responsibility. As individual employee should choose their accessories as their choice; therefore, this cost is solely dependent on employees. Security Posture Review BYOD is one of the most effective and innovative technological advancement of IT that is providing several benefits to the business organizations. Aztek is also implementing this approach within their organization in order to make their positioning better in the financial marketplace (Aebi et al., 2012). In contrast with this scenario, the organization might be facing some of the technological challenges within their premises (Bessis O'Kelly, 2015). When it comes the impact of BYOD within the financial institution or organization these challenges can be classified into four various domains. These are explained as follows: Regulatory environment and financial organization The financial data disclosure is one of the effective aspects that must be regulated within any financial organizations. In contrast with the contemporary situation of Aztek, it is found that the organization is almost providing all the details to their organizational members in order to do their business processes (Bolton et al., 2013). This aspect makes the organization weak in comparison with their competitors. The disclosure of the share values and other financial data to the their competitors make them fall in difficult situation. Mitigation Technique: Mobile life cycle management is only way to reduce this risk from the financial organization. Aztek can implement applications that will be proving security to the organizational data and networks (Chance Brooks, 2015). These policies implementation will be helpful in reducing the risks and other challenges related to BYOD. Business content, device security and business application access BYOD allows the resources and financial data of the Aztek to be shared among the employees of the organization. This introduces the chances of the data leakages and misuses of the organization as well a financial data to be misused (Christoffersen, 2012). This reduces the efficiency and impact of the organization within the target market. The chances of risks and data thefts are increased with the concerned aspects. Mitigation Technique: According to the IDC's U.S. Mobile Enterprise Services Survey done it is found that the financial organizations should secure the mobile access of their employees to their organizational resources in order to misuse or any other kind of usages. This will reduce the impact of the IT risks on the concerned platform of Aztek. These aspects not only focus on the BYOD perspectives but also it tries to focus on the applications that are used by the employees for doing their business operations or their personal searches and details findings. Maintenance of updates and change in policies BYOD is getting popular among all the business sectors; the financial sector is not an exception in this list (Cole et al., 2013). The financial sector is experiencing a massive move to the digital transformation. Aztek is also introducing this innovative technological advancement within their organization. they are trying to implement these updated version of the technological advancement in order to make more money within their concerned target market. This aspect is making the privacy and security of financial data a question (DeAngelo Stulz, 2015). Aztek is implementing the BYO within their concerned organizational structure but they are not aware of the security challenges of these technological advancements. Lack of knowledge in information system, data availability, confidentiality and other important aspects that must be considered in case of the BYOD is casing the disturbed structure of information system in Aztek. Mitigation Technique: In contrast with the problematic situations highlighted for the concerned aspect it is clear that Aztek should include the professional and consulting service for BYOD risk mitigation. In addition to this, this above mentioned policy will not only improve the situation but also it helps in maintaining the life cycle management within the organization (Dorfman Cather, 2012). In contrast with the risk, it is found that this group can also create and implement an organizational strategy for managing the BYOD risks within the Aztek. Management of financial implications related to data and voice usages The use of the personal devices for managing the financial details and data within Aztek involves the easy of operating and dividing the workload among the concerned employees. With the help of this system architecture, the employees can easily manage their personal and professional life as well (Fertis et al., 2012). In contrast with the situation this aspect has benefitted the organization by giving the chance of retaining to the employee but this flexibility includes the a problem related to the management of the business and personal content within the personal devices of the employees. There are the segment highlighted that the voice and data spend on the employee devices or more specifically phones are increasing the operating expenses of Aztek. This critical aspect introduces a threat that the employees are misusing the organizational resources through their personal devices (Glendon et al., 2016). Mitigation Technique: There are several technologies that can be used in finding the solution for the above mentioned problem within the Aztek workplace. That is ATT data solution, which can be applied at the application level for restricting the employees in using the voice and data content while accessing the non-business content during the business operations (Hopkin, 2014). This solution is trusted for its support from the enterprise mobility management solution providers to Aztek. Threats, Vulnerabilities and Consequences Assessment Threats in BYOD platform The BYOD is one of the most effective technological advancements that is improving the database management within the financial organizations (Hu, 2016). Though there are several advantages of BYOD, still several aspects are challenging the BYOD platform in improving the stages of technological development. These threats are described as follows: Increased chances of data leakage: As the workplace is entirely dependent on the mobile devices the chances of data leakage is being increased (Hull, 2012). In addition to this, the concerned scenarios of the Aztek it is found that all the financial document and resources are being shared with the employees as well their personal devices so the chances of misusing the organizational data s well as financial data is increased (Ittner Keusch, 2015). Whenever the personal devices are connected with organizational network and other uses the organizational data for business perspectives as well as to satisfy their own needs they misuse those data and Aztek faces the threats of data leakage from the organizational workplace. Mixing of personal and business data: One of the most massive threats in the workplace of the Aztek is that the organization is that all the organizational and financial data is being stored in a same device (Lam, 2014). Therefore, in contrast with this kind of situation it is found that there are certain kinds of data that can be released in front of the audience or to the eternal world, which is not good for the development of the organization. Therefore, this case needs to be protected. Mobile devices introduce the most effective threat that is the threat of malware detection within the personal devices that may be introduced by the hackers or outsiders of the organization. IT infrastructure: Another most effective threat of Aztek is the IT infrastructure. This aspect is very important in order to maintain the organizational context as well as the IT system architecture of the Aztek. The CIO of the organization needs to maintain the IT infrastructure in order to make all the information system operation perfectly (McNeil et al., 2015). Poor structure of the Information system results into the high impact of the threats on the organizational objectives and goal. Malicious Applications: As the employees are using their personal devices in order to maintain the business operations, this aspect introduces several negative impacts on the organizational objectives (Pritchard PMP, 2014). They members use many applications for their personal usages that may affect the organizational data or financial data of Aztek. BYOD increases challenges concerned with the scenario of the information system. Vulnerabilities of BYOD BYOD is the technological advancement that allows the employees to bring their own device into the workplace in order to do the business requirements (Sodhi t al., 2012). They feel easy to maintain these business operations from their home as well with the help of this policy approved by the Aztek. Previously the financial sectors faced so many problems due to making impossible collaborations possible but after the implementation of the BYOD, structure within Aztek the organization felt so many positive aspects in contrast with their demands and core objectives (Sadgrove, 2016). In contrast with the contemporary scenario of Aztek it is found that the organization is facing so many problems only because of the impact of BYOD in the organization. For the above mentioned aspects the organization needs to analyze the vulnerabilities of the BYOD with respect to their organizational objectives. These vulnerabilities are explained as follows: The biggest problem associated with the BYOD platform is that the BYOD philosophy cannot resists all the inappropriate text, images and other resources that is found in the web content (Soin Collier, 2013). All of these aspects are transmitted along with the information of the concerned organization that is not good for the development of the organization. Another disability of the BYOD is that it cannot also restrict the gaming with the help of the filtering process (Aebi et al., 2012). The so the organizational resources and financial data can also be leaked through the gamming adds provided by the sites. As the employees of the Aztek are fond of using the technological solutions with the help of BYOD it becomes very difficult to make the relation with the employees and with the higher authorities of the organization (Bessis O'Kelly, 2015). This aspect makes the internal bonding weak of the organization. This aspect makes the organization a weak performer in the competitive market. Aztek is one financial organization that has to manage the organizational data with very efficiency (Bolton et al., 2013). The misuse of the financial data may results into the reduction of organizational values. Most of the time, the members use the organizational resources to satisfy their own needs while managing the business aspects. Another major vulnerabilities concerned with the use f BYOD within the organizational perspectives it is found that the organization can face many loss, theft of data and other aspects that may impact on the organizational values and objectives. There are chances of network misuse by the organizational members. This aspect make the organizational members to attack the organizational resources (Chance Brooks, 2015). Consequences of BYOD from IT Risk Control Framework Consequences of the IT control framework that will be measuring the impact of the BYOD on the organizational structure are very important in order to maintain the organizational development (Christoffersen, 2012). The context of the BYOD within Aztek can be explained with the help of the ITIL framework. This framework uses following aspects as the elements: Strategy: This stage of the control framework is necessary in order to check the strategic nature of the IT structure is being used within any organization. This relates the risks and other vulnerabilities that may be caused due to this aspect (Cole et al., 2013). In case of Aztek, using the ITIL framework will be helpful in recognizing the problems. Design: The designing aspect can be easily discussed with the help of the analyzing the design of the BYOD structure and its implications within the Aztek. Transition: Transition is the phase where the control framework can check the transformation of the data and other important aspect that is being related to the BYOD within Aztek. Operation: The operation is one of the most important stages of the IT risk-controlling framework. This stage assures about the operating measures within the context of the BYOD (DeAngelo Stulz, 2015). This aspect mainly supports the various aspect that must be elaborated for the structuring the implementation of the BYOD with respect to the Aztek. Continual improvements: Continual improvements are also necessary in order to maintain the improvements within the risk assessment and management techniques. Recommendations for the Aztek Following recommendations can be given in order to maintain the risk assessment and control measures within Aztek: The risk oversight determination of the BYOD risk factors can be helpful in mitigating those risks. Enhancement of the risk intelligence within the organization can be improvised. Reason behind the risks can be identified with respect to the organization improvements. Entity risk-assessment process for managing the IT risks can be helpful for Aztek. In contrast with the situation of the Aztek, proper communication measures can be helpful in finding the solutions of BYOD issues within the organization. Data Security The data security for BYOD management is always stated as making employees being under watch as well as making them uncomfortable. Mostly, the perception of data security should be ensured for enhanced productivity and rather without hampering the BYOD implementation policy (Sood, 2012; Rewagad Pawar, 2013). Therefore, there are some ways to protect the security and privacy of the employees in order to ensure corporate data under the personal devices as well. The security procedures should include the following: Data privacy and Prime Importance Investigation: The data under BYOD policy should be considered with access rights. The employees should know to what extent they are able to access the data and as well they should be fully aware about it (Zhu et al., 2014). Mostly, the data legislation varies from different regions; hence, it would be challenging for multinational organizations due to different region wise device access rights. There must be some common features as the activity tracing, lock and wipe, and basic monitoring of their data access and application usage (Mohamed, Abdelkader El-Etriby, 2012). The details of such monitoring access should be kept under record to enroll BYOD policy listing. The employees should be listed under this policy to access rights. Data management rather than the device: Implementation of Mobile Application Management (MAM) ensures that work-related data and applications can be used for controlling the data access (Luxton, Kayl Mishkind, 2012). The MAM can be used for specification to the corporate file management and data storage to sort out the shared devices. Mostly, the corporate data and applications can be wiped out in case when the employee shut down the system within shorter time. The device shutdown can cause wiped out data within seconds for volatile entries in table and databases (Fletschner Kenney, 2014; Mols, 2013). In prior systems, the data security was not up to the standard where the data can be removed without any access rights. The application and personal data should be kept separate from the professional data to keep them secure from sudden accidents. Including the Employee Consent for long way: The BYPD policy should have a best way to incorporate the employee consent and as well as the organization transparency. The consent utilization is most effective way to include the rights and responsibilities for data usage (Frame White, 2014; Chen Zhao, 2012). The information and the consequences of losing devices should be kept under the consent for clear outlining. The clear and well-written policies are used for documenting the employee wise devices and their individual access rights. The official employees should have proper consent for avoiding the risk of legislative actions taken from the organization (Rewagad Pawar, 2013). The experts agree that transparency is primary consideration for bringing the trust gap into practice. Personal device security: The personal devices security and suitable data privacy can be maintained with EMM tool as the SAP Afaria for securing the personal and corporate data as well. In case of lost device, the employees should consider the phased approach with dealing alongside the organization policy (Sood, 2012; Rewagad Pawar, 2013). The remote locking scheme can be used for self-service portal access and device control. In cases the device is not recovered the full or selective wiping must be taken into consideration for issues. The selective wiping can moreover remove the corporate data under the process with personal data and as well as the professional records and histories (Bouvain, Baumann Lundmark, 2013). The user can utilize selective wiping of data for under certain situations as well. GPS tracking: The GPS tracking can be turned off with sudden companies for tracking down the employees in most of the time (Frame White, 2014). The EMM tool as the SAP Afaria can be utilized for only capability of tracking GPS turn off features. Therefore, from this report, the primary takeaways should be considered for taking the decision of BYOD and COPE model for several stakeholders (Mols, 2013). The primary takeaways should be the following for essential approach of BYOD: Primary and necessary benefits should be considered from the organization as it can be gained from BYOD model (Garcia et al., 2014). The key stakeholders should be identified for gaining their individual support. Formal sponsorship for executive should be established in this aspect. Communities and self-service scenarios should be utilized for strategic BYOD model preparation (Luxton, Kayl Mishkind, 2012). EMM solution as SAP Afaria can be utilized as ensuring individual requirements were addressed properly in this aspect. Country wise implementation and documentation reuse is required for adjusting the individual countrys individual requirements (Zhu et al., 2014). Scalable BYOD program is often considered as better PR for Information Technology team with general perception of benefits from employee viewpoint. The communication can be rolled out with regional through the executive team entities. References Aebi, V., Sabato, G., Schmid, M. (2012). Risk management, corporate governance, and bank performance in the financial crisis.Journal of Banking Finance,36(12), 3213-3226. Bessis, J., O'Kelly, B. (2015).Risk management in banking. John Wiley Sons. Bolton, P., Chen, H., Wang, N. (2013). Market timing, investment, and risk management.Journal of Financial Economics,109(1), 40-62. Bouvain, P., Baumann, C., Lundmark, E. (2013). Corporate social responsibility in financial services: A comparison of Chinese and East Asian banks vis--vis American banks.International Journal of Bank Marketing,31(6), 420-439. Chance, D. M., Brooks, R. (2015).Introduction to derivatives and risk management. Cengage Learning. Chen, D., Zhao, H. (2012, March). Data security and privacy protection issues in cloud computing. InComputer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 International Conference on(Vol. 1, pp. 647-651). IEEE. Christoffersen, P. F. (2012).Elements of financial risk management. Academic Press. Cole, S., Gin, X., Tobacman, J., Topalova, P., Townsend, R., Vickery, J. (2013). Barriers to household risk management: Evidence from India.American Economic Journal: Applied Economics,5(1), 104-135. DeAngelo, H., Stulz, R. M. (2015). Liquid-claim production, risk management, and bank capital structure: Why high leverage is optimal for banks.Journal of Financial Economics,116(2), 219-236. Dorfman, M. S., Cather, D. A. (2012).Introduction to risk management and insurance. Pearson Higher Ed. Fertis, A., Baes, M., Lthi, H. J. (2012). Robust risk management.European Journal of Operational Research,222(3), 663-672. Fletschner, D., Kenney, L. (2014). Rural womens access to financial services: credit, savings, and insurance. InGender in agriculture(pp. 187-208). Springer Netherlands. Frame, W. S., White, L. J. (2014). Technological change, financial innovation, and diffusion in banking. Franchoo, T., Pollard, M. (2012). The application of European competition law in the financial services sector.Journal of European competition law practice, lps027. Garcia, C., Wendt, J., Lyon, L., Jones, J., Littell, R. D., Armstrong, M. A., ... Powell, C. B. (2014). Risk management options elected by women after testing positive for a BRCA mutation.Gynecologic oncology,132(2), 428-433. Glendon, A. I., Clarke, S., McKenna, E. (2016).Human safety and risk management. Crc Press. Hopkin, P. (2014).Fundamentals of risk management: understanding, evaluating and implementing effective risk management. Kogan Page Publishers. Hu, W. (2016). Calibration of multivariate generalized hyperbolic distributions using the EM algorithm, with applications in risk management, portfolio optimization and portfolio credit risk. Hull, J. (2012).Risk Management and Financial Institutions,+ Web Site(Vol. 733). John Wiley Sons. Ittner, C. D., Keusch, T. (2015, March). The Influence of Board of Directors Risk Oversight on Risk Management Maturity and Firm Risk-Taking. AAA. Lam, J. (2014).Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. John Wiley Sons. Luxton, D. D., Kayl, R. A., Mishkind, M. C. (2012). mHealth data security: The need for HIPAA-compliant standardization.Telemedicine and e-Health,18(4), 284-288. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Mohamed, E. M., Abdelkader, H. S., El-Etriby, S. (2012, May). Enhanced data security model for cloud computing. InInformatics and Systems (INFOS), 2012 8th International Conference on(pp. CC-12). IEEE. Mols, N. P. (2013). The Internet and the banks strategic distribution channel decisions.International Journal of Bank Marketing. Pritchard, C. L., PMP, P. R. (2014).Risk management: concepts and guidance. CRC Press. Rewagad, P., Pawar, Y. (2013, April). Use of digital signature with Diffie Hellman key exchange and AES encryption algorithm to enhance data security in cloud computing. InCommunication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT), 2013 International Conference on(pp. 437-439). IEEE. Sadgrove, K. (2016).The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge. Sodhi, M. S., Son, B. G., Tang, C. S. (2012). Researchers' perspectives on supply chain risk management.Production and Operations Management,21(1), 1-13. Soin, K., Collier, P. (2013). Risk and risk management in management accounting and control.Management Accounting Research,24(2), 82-87. Sood, S. K. (2012). A combined approach to ensure data security in cloud computing.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,35(6), 1831-1838. Zhu, X., Liu, R., Li, Y., Huang, H., Wang, Q., Wang, D., ... Zhu, H. (2014). An AIE-active boron-difluoride complex: multi-stimuli-responsive fluorescence and application in data security protection.Chemical Communications,50(85), 12951-12954.

SWOT analysis of Book world Bookstore

Hispanic Surnames, Meanings, and Origins

Hispanic Surnames, Meanings, and Origins Does your last name fall into this list of the 100 most common Hispanic surnames? For additional Spanish surname meanings and origins, see Spanish Surname Meanings, 1–50. Continue reading below this list of common Hispanic surnames to learn about Hispanic naming customs, including why most Hispanics have two last names and what those names represent. 51. MALDONADO 76. DURAN 52. ESTRADA 77. CARRILLO 53. COLON 78. JUAREZ 54. GUERRERO 79. MIRANDA 55. SANDOVAL 80. SALINAS 56. ALVARADO 81. DELEON 57. PADILLA 82. ROBLES 58. NUNEZ 83. VELEZ 59. FIGUEROA 84. CAMPOS 60. ACOSTA 85. GUERRA 61. MARQUEZ 86. AVILA 62. VAZQUEZ 87. VILLARREAL 63. DOMINGUEZ 88. RIVAS 64. CORTEZ 89. SERRANO 65. AYALA 90. SOLIS 66. LUNA 91. OCHOA 67. MOLINA 92. PACHECO 68. ESPINOZA 93. MEJIA 69. TRUJILLO 94. LARA 70. MONTOYA 95. LEON 71. CONTRERAS 96. VELASQUEZ 72. TREVINO 97. FUENTES 73. GALLEGOS 98. CAMACHO 74. ROJAS 99. CERVANTES 75. NAVARRO 100. SALAS Hispanic Surnames: Why Two Last Names? The Hispanic double surname system traces back to the nobility class of Castile in the 16th century. The first surname generally comes from the father and is the primary family name, while the second (or last) surname comes from the mother. A man named Gabriel Garcà ­a Marquez, for example, indicates a fathers first surname of Garcà ­a and the mothers first surname, Marquez. Father: Pedro  Garcà ­a  Pà ©rez  Mother: Madeline Marquez  Rodrà ­guez  Son: Gabriel  Garcà ­a Marquez Portuguese names, including surnames from Brazil where Portuguese is the predominant language, often follow a different pattern than other Spanish speaking countries, with the mothers surname coming first, followed by the fathers name, or primary family name. How Does Marriage Affect the Surname? In most Hispanic cultures women generally keep their fathers surname (maiden name) throughout their life. At marriage, many choose to add their husbands surname in place of their mothers surname, sometimes with a  de  between their fathers and husbands surnames. Thus, a wife will generally have a different double surname than her husband. Some women also choose to use all three surnames. Because of this, children will have a different double surname than either of their parents, as their name is made up of (as discussed previously) their fathers first surname (the one from his father) and their mothers first surname (the one from her father). Wife: Madeline  Marquez  Rodrà ­guez   (Marquez is her fathers first surname,  Rodrà ­guez her mothers)Husband:  Pedro  Garcà ­a  Pà ©rez  Name After Marriage:  Madeline  Marquez  Pà ©rez or  Madeline  Marquez de Pà ©rez Expect Variants- Especially As You Go Back in Time During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Hispanic naming patterns were less consistent. It wasnt unusual, for example, for male children to be given the surname of their father, while females took the surname of their mothers. The double surname system which originated among the Castilian upper classes during the sixteenth century  did not come into common use throughout Spain until the nineteenth century. Thus double surnames in use prior to 1800 may reflect something other than the paternal and maternal surnames, such as a way to distinguish one family with a common surname from others of the same surname. Surnames might also have been chosen from a prominent family or even from grandparents.

Construction industry studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Construction industry studies - Essay Example ion to instruct all employees the importance and worth of all these factors for the purpose of improving performance and increasing organizational productivity. Every company or organization has got some legal responsibilities to ensure the health and safety of all employees working in the company and to protect the organizational environment. Its up to the management of any company to make sure that all potential risks to the health and safety of the employees are assessed on time and controlled properly. The management needs to be aware of its roles and responsibilities regarding the issue of health and safety. Hitshopi (2009) asserts that â€Å"No matter where you are working, whether it is in a bookshop or at a large warehouse, it is vital for all employees to have some basic health and safety training†. It is the legal responsibility of the management and the employees to look after health and safety at workplace together. Those construction industries which pay great attention to the health and safety at work become able to promote a very safe and healthy workplace environment. It is important to know that poor health and safety management at any company leads to illness of employees, accidents at the workplace, and significant costs for the company. Proper health and safety management practices prove to be a key to success for any company because when the workplace environment of the company is safer and healthier, employees work with more dedication and pay more concentration to their work rather than worrying about health and safety aspects. Some basic responsibilities of the employees of any company include: Another important issue regarding organizational success is quality which is the ongoing process of building and sustaining relationships between the company and its customers by providing the customers with quality products. A product, process or service that is reliable, and that performs its intended and proposed function perfectly with no faults

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Journal - Essay Example Conflict arises in determining the option to undertake without jeopardizing the business. This kind of conflict is easily resolved since the scales of decision are easily tipped towards one of the choices. Leaders faced with negative choices experience avoidance-avoidance conflict. Both choices have negative outcomes and the individual has to settle for the less burdening option. Leaders can be attracted to, and repelled by traits present in the same activity or goal. A business opportunity may have huge profits, but involves big risks that can destroy the business. This scenario introduces approach-avoidance conflict where the choices are both attractive and repelling. The huge profits present a positive choice while risks are repelling aspects of the investment opportunity. This creates the need for calculated risks that can provide the most plausible solution to the conflict. The feelings present to the leader can act as an avenue to resolve the conflict. Another form of conflict arises when the choices available are partially negative and partially positive. This form of conflict is referred to as double approach-avoidance conflict due to the partial positive and negative aspects of the choices. A graduate may have to choose between a well paying job with odd working hours and a low paying job with good working conditions. Individuals faced with such conflicts have to weigh the available options and try out important decisions before reaching a conclusion. Leadership as Empowering Others Executives in an organization are better placed as leaders rather than managers. Executives have the responsibility of making strategic decisions that affect the organization in the long term. This involves creating strategies, analysis, policies, evaluation, and planning that determine the future of the organization. These leaders act as visionaries in the organization and are responsible for inspiring their juniors. For instance, the CEO of a company has to inspire junior executives as a way of grooming the next CEO and transforming them to conform to the vision of the organization. Transformational leaders introduce changes to the organization that help the organization achieve the laid out goals. Transformational leaders convert followers into leaders by playing the role of moral agents that provide inspiration. Transactional leaders emphasize teamwork, task accomplishment, and problem solving as a way of working with others for a common goal. Leaders stimulate their subordinates by proposing new directions that the followers have never experienced. This form of empowerment comes in form of new exciting intellectual ideas that energize the followers. For instance a leader can encourage and stimulate subordinates to create new inventions. This empowers subordinates to become creative and participate in decision making processes that lay out future goals for the organization. This helps them climb the leadership ladder and prepares them to make cruc ial decisions in the organization. Emotional intelligence Emotional intelligence (EI) can be utilized to foster competitive advantage and profitability. Leaders require the ability to perceive and generate emotions in the thought process and regulate their emotions to promote intellectual growth. EI has become a paramount requirement for top executives for effective leadership and performance. Effective use of EI provides

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 48

History - Essay Example During this time, there were all sort of corrections that were made concerning to ensure that it is made to fit the motion of the planets to Ptolemy’s ideas. According to the Copernicus, he proposed an alternative theory that showed that the Earth was a planet moving around the sun and all planets were said to move in circular motion in form of a circle, one side to the other, he also made observations that Mercury and the Earth are close to the sun since they were smaller than the earth(Kidner, Bacur and Mathisen 502).Therefore out of discoveries that were made concerning the distance between earth and sun, it made ease estimations of distance of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn toward sun thus creating idea in mind that they had bigger circles than earth and seemed to move backward since they were said to move more slowly(Kidner, Bacur and Mathisen 502). In 16th century, Galileo an Italian mathematician and philosopher made the first observation, that is, he observed the planets through a telescope he built in 1609 and what he saw convinced him that Copernicus observations and discoveries toward the planets and dun was right. Galileo through hi aggressive defense over the Copernican theory was defended by the Catholic Church and therefore this cost him his freedom. Here are the discoveries that were made by the Galileo, he observed the moon and came to discover that it is like a world with mountains and â€Å"seas†(Kidner, Bacur and Mathisen 505). And later he observed the sun which was a risking act due to blindness since the sun should never be looked at through a telescope and he saw the sunspots. After making this discoveries, later he turned to the planet Jupiter, during this time he saw four moons orbiting around the Jupiter. Out of this discovery, he saw that the four moons are in the same plane, and close to their ecliptic and also seemed to be collinear(Kidner, Bacur

Impact Of The Internet On Our Society Media Essay

Impact Of The Internet On Our Society Media Essay The Internet is the epitome of the fast moving, dynamic sector of the twenty first centuary. It is arguably the blazon of innovation in communication technologies, services, and the markets over the last 15 or so years, is viewed by many as a communication frontier with many radical transformative potential  [1]  . The Internet and specifically its usage provides an example that how its nature and consequences has been transforming the society. This paper argues that how the internet brings changes and its impact on society. This paper will also try to find out the role of the State in bringing the changes and development into the Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Internet now has become more pervasive than television and radio in todays globalised world. It provides the rare information and examples that was not easily accessible before. With the expansion of the internet and communication technology the development has started taken place. The significance of the Internet has not just in the field communication but also into each and every sphere of life. The extent of Internet is such that anyone can access any information from anywhere. There is no geographical boundaries left as all are removed by the internet communication technology. Cyber has removed the distance as now everybody is so interconnected, people share their ideas, thoughts, suggestions, problems, ideas etc and cyber always welcome them. Internet welcomes the intellectual activities i. e those who wants to express their views are always welcome.  [2]  Internet has emerged as a prominent medium of communication. The issue that has become a prominent focus of debate and a lso is to examine the impact of Internet on society. This also leads to the transforming phase of the society that how the society is been transforming and a new society is been emerging. In this transformation of the society it is the State which plays a major role in the development of the Information and communication technology which leads to the changes. The evolution of Internet was by United States Department of defence Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, APRANET, in 1970 for transferring data and information. But the way it has transformed our society Hauben and Hauben (1997) refer to as Netizens: Net Citizens.  [3]   It has created its own terminology its own world such as search engines (google.com; wikipeadia.com); web pages, web servers, clients, http, POP, DNS, ISDN and various domain names also. In this present world we talk about e-shopping ; e trade e-toys; e-commerce; e-governance; online services etc which shows the desires of our society that how ready it is to adopt these changes of the changing world. Technology and Social Changes: As everything has its positive and negative impact, internets also have its positive as well as its negative impact not only in the society but also into the security, political and economical ways of living. Since 1993 numbers of the net users have been increasing continuously and now days everybody has its own e-mail id and have access to all the information which is available over the Internet. In terms of security, nuclear issues continue to dominate, but with the greater concerns about chemical and biological weapons and their possible use by so-called rogue states such as Iraq, or terrorist groups able to use the global interconnectedness of transport and ICTs to communicate, organize boundaries more easily. Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) as a catch all terms signalled the expanded range of weapons beyond the nuclear seen as threat in the contemporary world. (UK Government, 2002).  [4]  With the arrival of the internet the issue of security becomes more complex and diffi cult to control. Youngs argued that, The more dependent on ICT network individuals, organisations, economies and states become, the more difficult it is to police and control informational boundaries. The digital age feeds on the capturing and transferral of data across increasing numbers of network nodes at ever faster speeds. It is not an overstatement to say that as societies and individuals and entities within them operate via the Internet, whether through e-banking or business, email and chat rooms activity, or political activism, the more they are caught in it, identified by and through the networks they are involved in and the information they contain about them. This is the situation where boundaries can easily collapse, and this goes much further than just the idea that the internet crosses geographical and political divides, and separations between public (institutional) and private (personal) social spaces and places.(Youngs,2001)  [5]   The transnational characteristics of the Internet and its multi-sector nature- economies and politics, public and private commercial and non-profit, formal and informal, institutional and individual and so on- are fundamental to the intricate meaning of the transformations associated with the network society. Many would argue that the internationalisation of the economy, over the twentieth centuary in particular, was a major driver of globalisation, but in the latter part of that centuary ICTs (and to some extent media generally) were integral to that process.  [6]   For blurred boundary between warfare, criminal activity and plain old-fashioned system failure as perhaps one of the greatest difficulties for the nation states. Edward argued Many of the technologies being brought into use are expected to operate across the wide range of platforms-types of computers and types of network, to the extent that different operating systems sharing a network can sometimes have unintended consequences. These can range from system crashes to non- specific random errors. So there is an issue of threshold to be addressed in terms of protective security and military defence. The latter may be good at responding to definite signals, but the small inconsistencies that plague large systems make it difficult to tell when a decisive boundary has been crossed to be able to initiate a large-scale and well-resourced response.(Edward, 2003: 103; my emphasis.)  [7]   The changes into the mode of communication has brought significant and historic changes into the society as well as such developments has given attention on the relationship of communication to the definition and nature of the modern state, its security, identity and democratic processes.  [8]  Internet has become the origin of the communication system in USA. Robert Deibert argues that would withstand a nuclear attack. Young argues that but equally, if not even more interesting are the exponential transformations involving the Internet in all spheres of human and social interactions.  [9]   Young argues about the impact of internet on the economics of the state that while the success of the states becomes significantly linked to digital advances of varying kinds, growing number of citizens are also offered via the Internet an interactive political sphere that extends well beyond the traditional state settings. Reflexive processes impacting on political affiliations and identities are increasingly likely to reflect these expanded circumstances (Youngs, 2001  [10]  ) . With this Internet is representing a completely new virtual social environment, which also links directly the private space of home to the wider world, just as in, some ways, radio and television did, but in case of Internet much more powerfully for example, through interactivity  [11]  . For many people in the world Internet is the medium of exchange of spheres as well as it acts as a medium of global reach. However for some it is not accessible example: digital divide the line which divides the digitally empowered and the digitally poor, hampers the ICT potentials of placing unequal human beings on an equal footing. Digital poverty is much more problematic because it affects not just the traditionally rich but also the traditionally poor and threatens to broaden socio-economic inequalities even further.  [12]  Internet is transforming the lives of human beings and attention must be paid towards the lives of those who are not cyber literate and are disempowered. By making th em cyber literate this problem can be solved and for this purpose active participation is needed. Impact of Internet on Education: Internets help a lot in the field of education by providing new information and keep them updated. It has transformed the relationship between the teachers and the students and gave a new horizon and prospects to it. Example: earlier students were not aware about the current information they depends upon books and newspapers but with the access of Internet they can easily grab the information in whatever language they want and needed. Students learn various languages and can communicate with teachers and experts just by clicking mouse. Internet has now become a source of joy and education both. State is also playing its role in increasing cyber literacy. Government by making various polices is trying to make people participate into the programmes and policies made for the educational purposes. Internet also brings new social environment from private space to the globalised world. As Internet is very helpful for the students and children for their educational purposes in positive aspe cts. However it has its negative aspects also as there are certain websites which are dangerous to them. According to Littleton Colorado, in April 1999(vice-president, Gore) In the field of education children gain access to areas which are not suitable and dangerous. And in other areas also the issues of security is of great concern.  [13]  Firewalls are the issues which are always needed and in great demands for security purposes not only in the field of education but also in business . Internet is the ocean of information, as far as one satisfied it continuously provides information. Political Influence: The Internet explicitly propagates and implicitly spreads western democratic values. These views are mainly spread through some governmental organisations or government-sponsored groups in the West. Internet degrades and repudiates those countries, political parties and governments that have different ideologies from those of the West. It can be used as a tool to harm national sovereignty and interfere with other countries internal affairs.  [14]   Impact of Internet on Culture: The Internet advocates western life styles. These websites displays various aspects of western society and life, and the overwhelming majority of then have positive portrayals of the western life-style. It makes people believe that the West seems to be countries of absolute freedom and paradise for individual achievement where private life is without obstacles and external inferences. This is particularly appealing to the youths whose life philosophy and worldview have yet to mature. They aspire with great diligence to go abroad just to change a way of living. It helps in dominant cultures impact and homogenize in an inferior position. Because the Internet overwhelming is a culture of the English language, it further strengthens throughout the globe the culture based upon the English language. In comparison, cultures based upon any other language have been weakened. It also corrupts peoples mind, influences and changes moral perspective and ethical values. The pornography merchants i n western countries have opened websites. This has led to the Commerce Committee of the U.S Senate to propose the 1995 Communications Act for Good Behaviour to prohibit sex crimes committed on the internet  [15]  However U.S plays a kind of hegemony into the field of Internet. Security threats: Due to hackers nothing is safe on Internet which is transferred. They can strike anywhere and anytime and can hack. According to the Statistics of the US.FBI incidents of the American Internet networks being broken into are rapidly increasing by 30% annually, making the US suffer tremendously.  [16]   Flooding of Information: Waste of time and resources The Internet is capable of providing connectivity to millions of people together. People connected together may create Internet junk such as advertisement; product information etc. It may provide incorrect information which may be real or fake. The creation of unwanted information online is a huge loss of time and cost of searching valuable information as well as people may get mislead easily. The younger generation is highly infected with this because of two factors such as their young age and also they have time to access Internet as much as they want and the information which is available on internet may mislead them to other directions. Conclusion: This paper focussed on how Internet has its impact on our society and how the technology brings social change. How the technology benefits the human beings and how it brings prosperity and welfare and how every citizen is benefitted with the Information and Communication technology. For building information-oriented or cyber literate society state do not need resources to invest more and more into it but it needs creative individuals and comparatively small amount of investment in ICT infrastructure. As anyone can easily provide the information about the product and all the transactions takes place online. Example: Carpet industries in Bhadohi (U.P, India),if someone wants to place an order from US then he need not to come to India but can place order online. Or, Puppets from Rajasthan, can ordered online from anywhere in the world. All the geographical boundaries are been collapsed through Internet as even the smallest information is available on Internet at the cheapest rates. Info rmation and Communication Technology also helps to remove the economical inequalities. And also tries to remove the digital divided or the technological imbalances not only in between the countries which are developed and under-developed but also between the males and females. As Susan Stranges had argued in analysis of global political economy, in advance of the Internet age the importance of technological power for an understanding of continuing US hegemony widespread economic significance of ICTs, and the prominence of major corporations such as Microsoft.  [17]   The impact of the Internet on our society is discussed in this paper on the fields of education; politics; culture; security and economics. All these reflect the needs of the regulatory measures or the cyber laws not only just making but implications also. However an increasingly networked and information driven world as a community is been formed. They can access to all the information which includes e business, cross border political affiliations and activism that may help to form new kinds of identities; individual research activities that enable, for example, citizens to gain access to world press and other official views of governments action; cross national political or personal discussions in chat rooms; email relationships between people who have never met.  [18]  As Young, argued that Internet is both complex as well as easy and through Internet crosses the geographical and political divides and also it brings separation between public and private social spaces and place s. In conclusion, once the Internet is opened it should be used as a tool through which information can be gathered and can be used for the development and welfare purposes and should it not used as an objective. And State should try to gain victory over the challenges such as cyber literacy, bridging the digital divide; providing services online; cyber laws and their implications.

Crime and Punishment Quotes :: essays research papers

1. â€Å"†¦all is in a man's hands and he lets it all slip from cowardice, that's an axiom. It would be interesting to know what it is men are most afraid of.† –Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By saying this Raskolnikov suggests that men are capable of doing whatever they wish, and the only thing that holds them back are their fears. Because of this Raskolnikov wonders what man’s greatest fear is, and with that comes the one thing that no man is capable of doing. 2. â€Å"†¦for though Pyotr Petrovitch has been so kind as to undertake part of the expenses of the journey, that is to say, he has taken upon himself the conveyance of our bags and big trunks.† -Pulcheria Alexandrovna Raskolnikov   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a passage from the letter that Rodion’s mother sent to him, his mother is telling him that Dounia’s fiancà © has taken care of the traveling expenses for Dounia and her mother to St. Petersburg. 3. â€Å"I see that I want nothing. Do you hear? Nothing at all . . . no one's services . . . no one's sympathy. I am by myself . . . alone. Come, that's enough. Leave me alone.† - Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After burying the goods he stole from the pawn broker, Raskolnikov is walking around and decides to visit his friend Razumihin. At first it is almost as if Raskolnikov planned on asking his friend for advice about what he should do about the murders he committed. However, he becomes very nervous and leaves his friend’s home as quickly as possible. 4. â€Å"Life is real! haven't I lived just now? My life has not yet died with that old woman! The Kingdom of Heaven to her--and now enough, madam, leave me in peace! Now for the reign of reason and light . . . and of will, and of strength!† –Raskolnikov   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through speaking with Marmeladov’s daughter, Polenka, Raskolnikov realizes that life is worth living, and that it can still hold an important meaning. This sheds light on the fact that Raskolnikov realizes that even if a person is not capable of doing good, their life should not be ended. 5. â€Å"Ordinary men have to live in submission, have no right to transgress the law, because, don't you see, they are ordinary. But extraordinary men have a right to commit any crime and to transgress the law in any way, just because they are extraordinary.

Explain the Relationship Between, Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Development Essay

Joseph Schumpeter formally regarded the understanding that entrepreneurs are often innovators, bringing new, improved goods and technologies to markets, creating new niche upcoming solutions and delivering them into new markets. Entrepreneurship focuses on the creativity, moment of inspiration, the why when and how of certain opportunity recognition. According to Schumpeter â€Å"the role of entrepreneurship is implicit as an underlying cause of innovation. However, innovation is not solely the domain of entrepreneurs† – The idea of Entrepreneurship somewhat relies on the effective means of innovation. The concept of innovation allows the development of new ideas, inventions and their making come to pass. Economic development undertakes the adoption of new market technologies and industry based economies to see and improvement in economic standards as well as an increase in the net gain of money flow. In regards to the three ideas of entrepreneurship, innovation and eco nomic development I will discuss why I believe they co-exist. Where sustainability fits in is that increasingly our society is becoming more aware of its day-to-day actions with respect to the environment around it. It is becoming increasingly important topic on businesses agendas as without a scope for future revenue streams, the very nature of what they do will not be feasible. Increasingly these days if a business is to be economically viable then sustainability has to be engrained in its model. Schumpeter progressively demonstrates the fundamental view of behaviour from an entrepreneurial point of view and how it must coincide with that of the innovative. In the book ‘The Entrepreneurial Mind’, Jeffry Timmons defined entrepreneurship as â€Å"the ability to create and build something from practically nothing.† This shows that without innovation and ideas entrepreneurship cannot come to pass. Innovation is taking an idea and bringing it to market, however market attractiveness, size and dynamics are all important components and thus theory of entrepreneurial understanding plays a vital role in success The view that (radical) innovation is helpful in the promotion of growth through economic development links to the Schumpeterian understanding of ‘creative destruction’ – presupposed that it is the forceful differential that imposes a separate angle of economical structure, commonly replacing the old and imposing the new. The theory of radical innovation ties in consistently with this theory, however to fully understand the ideology behind innovation we must look at the various types. The two main types of innovation are incremental and as mentioned radical. Incremental innovation consists whereby the improvement of products, ideas, and strategies are put in place –often seen through the use of extension strategies. Positively speaking, incremental innovation helps to increase efficiency of products or services, by maximising the lifetime within their life cycle (short term innovation) and focusing on exploitation competencies. However in terms of long run economic value for development it may struggle to coincide with increases or dramatic changes in population and improvements of technology as two examples; especially in less economically development countries, thus limiting the innovative nature of an idea or action. On the other hand and more understandably tied in with entrepreneurship, we must look at radical innovation. â€Å"Radical innovation creates such a dramatic change in products, processes or services, that they transform existing market or industries, or create new ones.† Radical innovation looks to provide something new, accompanied by a disruptive or discontinuous quality that uproots markets and creates significant change within industries. This ties in coherently with entrepreneurship due to the fact that it is often these creations and innovative ideas that entrepreneurs use to bring good and services to the market place. Innovation encourages the go-forward, propelling economic development. New creative industries, as well as new firms originate from the entrepreneur causing old companies providing goods and services to react and adapt to market change, in turn leading to a development economically in both the short and long term. The drive to compete and push costs down is what compels market breakthroughs, changing market tastes, fashions and demands which play a role in the success of entrepreneurs. This change is what helps to bring about economic development and through demand and supply problems/wants being solved. It is not only innovation that an entrepreneur provides, yet everyday management and corporate social responsibility that eventually drives success and helps to maintain the sustainable goal. Peter f. Drucker define entrepreneurship as a ‘systematic, professional discipline available to anyone in an organisation’ – Drucker believed that entrepreneurship wasn’t just from an individual, yet it could be introduced systematically by firms and businesses i.e. Corporate Entrepreneurship. Drucker understood that entrepreneurship did not just have to be from initial start-up business but could occur within established organisations as well through management styles and development strategies. In relation to Schumpeter, he regarded development economically as the carrying out of different or new combinations. He developed this concept creating five cases saying that ‘ The introduction of a new good; The introduction of a new method of production; The opening of a new market; The conquest of a new source of supply or raw materials; The carrying out of the new organisation of any industry.’ All of these cases regard the process of economic development and through the structure that Schumpeter has developed we are able to denote the cyclical relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation, and economical development throughout each stage with the ultimate goal of progression in the market place to eventually maintain a sustainable position. I will now explain the importance of innovation with respect to its significance and enhancement of economic development. For the ongoing push to encourage and create economic development, innovation plays a key role as the appearance of new ideas to smaller less mature companies, especially in less economically developed countries. This is due to the fact it helps to promote the gap between a less economic developed countries and more economic developed countries. In their book ‘Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Development’, Adam Szirmai and Wim Nadue view innovation as ‘intimately tied in with changes in structure of the economy, technological increases in production and eventually more added value for global gain’ Common components such as product and process advancements through technology, as well as lowering cost barriers, innovations have become an important asset to firm success and competitiveness. Innovation through technological change proves to be embodied within machinery, equipment, and more specialised work forces. Other advances in research and development, and improved efficiency working environments have also helped to improve total economical productivity, ultimately leading to increases in development. Increases and development in the above not only improves the quantity of output within an economy, it also helps to advance the quality, delivery, and nature of a good or service. The continued increase of economic development creates higher output abilities for business that is ultimately fed back into the economy starting from the bottom and working its way to the top. An example of how entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development are linked can be shown from the internet site/service, Amazon created by the American Entrepreneur Jeff Bezos – offering an internet based approach, allowing customers to purchase books online. The radically innovative idea led to many traditional bookshops being put out of business, and its ability to hold a larger amount of books to a high street store, decreasing book store sales by 40%. Jeff Bezos saw the growing use and development of the internet, and decided to use this as a platform to launch his risky yet transformational idea of Amazon. The fact that Bezos saw this gap in the market and took the risk to launch his innovation makes him and the business entrepreneurial. The core competencies of Amazon allowed it to contribute it to economic development. One reason is due to the fact that it allows business and consumers to save time by being able to look and purchase for products on Amazon quickly and efficiently without having to go to stores or spend time search for them. It also contributes to economic efficiency due to the fact it allows companies to find goods at the most competitive prices and hence drives out firms that are uncompetitive. Going back to my emphasis on the increasing importance of sustainability, the ‘World Commission on Environment and Development’ say that ‘Sustainable Development meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ – A vital consideration in this link is the goal or guide at which business as well as whole industry produce a good or service to a sustainable degree. Sustainability in this sense ties in with two concepts; meeting the needs of the poorer countries economically, and secondly the thought of limitation created by new technology and social footprint within the environment and its ability in the future. The obvious link between the former subject topics of this essay relate significantly to the topic of sustainability in the sense that each rely on future generation for further development, and also must maintain sustainability one way or another. Within his book ‘Beyond growth: Economics of Sustainable Development’ – Herman E. Daly saw sustainable development as ‘development without growth, that is without throughput growth beyond the regeneration and absorption capacities of the environment’ (pg13, 1997) – this view of sustainability sees economic development in a different category to that of growth. Therefore, the initial entrepreneurial idea that may have been developed through either increm ental or radical innovation will need to maintain being sustainable in order to create development economically in both the short, but more-so the long run. In conclusion it seems evident that without the inherent relationship that exists between the three main ideas of entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development none of them would completely flourish. The involvement of sustainability also plays a key role in this tightly knit relationship – the direct influence that sustainability has it extremely important as business in today’s world have a focus point on developing economically whilst being sustainable for themselves, and investors. I feel that in the future especially in the near future firms that do not involve themselves sustainably will find it difficult to compete within the market not having prejudged future needs and wants from consumers. This will evidentially create a firm to be less competitive in the long-run. Schumpeter stated ‘A firm can never be perfect in any sense, yet it in time approaches a relative perfection having regard to the surrounding world and social conditions’  œ The ability of entrepreneurs and business’ to understand that sustainability is vital at an early stage will enable them to source information and models to follow. I feel that even though the symbiotic relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic development must tie in subsequently with sustainability it is a process that can be adapted throughout the innovation stage, and well as during economic development, and that entrepreneurs must not take away wholly from the prospect of growth and profit in such a way that may eventually negatively impact an idea, or a firm in the long-run. This fundamental relationship demonstrates the need of positive conductivity between each other, and I think that unless this is not achieved then economic development and market retention will not be held. Thus evidently I feel the focal communication between each stage must remain if an ultimate goal is to be reached economically and in terms of sustainability. References: Adam Szirmai and Wim Nadue (2011). Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Development. USA: Oxford University Press. p8. Advameg, Inc. (N/A). ENTREPRENEURSHIP. Available: http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/small/Di-Eq/Entrepreneurship.html#b. Last accessed 18/11/2012. Gina Colarello O’Connor (2000). Radical Innovation: How Mature Companies Can Outsmart Upstarts. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School Press. p5. Herman E. Daly (1997). Beyond growth: Economics of Sustainable Development. N/A: Beacon Press; New edition. p13. Jeffry Timmons (1989). The Entrepreneurial Mind. Andover, Mass: Brick House Pub. Co., p1. Joseph Schumpeter (1989). The Theory Of Economic Development. Harvard University: New Brunswick and London. p67. Joseph Schumpeter (1989). The Theory Of Economic Development. Harvard University: New Brunswick and London. p79. Poh Kam Wong, Yuen Ping Ho, Erkko Autio. (2005). Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth. Evidence from GEM data. 24 (3), p339. UN. (1987). World Commission on Environment and Development. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. 96th (42/187), 43.

Nuclear Weapons essays

Nuclear Weapons essays A group of junior high students assembled outside of their school early one morning. The teachers instructed the students to form lines facing towards the school when something caught one of the students eyes. Soon the other students noticed what appeared to be an airplane in the sky. They all pointed and jumped as they saw the aircraft fly overhead. The teachers then ordered the students to stop watching the plane and face the front. While the students looked away a bright blue flash appeared in the corner of their eyes. Then the whiteness came. The students were thrown from their positions, some for ten meters. The childrens clothes had been torn to rags from the intense heat and their skin hung from their bodies like their clothing. The children stumbled around, many of them intensely burned. One child began to wander off from the playground in search of his house. He approached a river where he jumped in to squelch the burning he felt throughout his body. He saw a ma n whose entire upper body was peeled of its skin, it hung from him like a half-peeled banana. There was a woman there whose eyes protruded from her sockets as if they were forcing themselves from her head. Fires burned all around, four to five meters high and more and more people came out of their houses (Takahasi). This event is a true story that took place on August 6th, 1945 during World War II. At 8:15 am an American B-29 named the Enola Gay dropped a three-meter long 20,000-ton atomic bomb named Little Boy on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. At the point of impact the temperature of the bomb was estimated at several millions of degrees Celsius and a fireball was created with a fifteen-meter radius. The bomb threw air and earth into the sky created a giant mushroom cloud. The top of the mushroom cloud itself reached to 17,000 meters. The bomb caused a huge shock wave, which demolished anything within its path. Th...

Emoji

Emoji Emoji Emoji By Maeve Maddox Ancient Egyptians had hieroglyphics. Modern Man has emojis. Since the 1980s, symbols to express emotions have proliferated in cyberspace. At first they were made with what was available on the keyboard, like the smiley face made with a colon, a hyphen, and a parenthesis. Now, thanks to Unicode, they appear as true pictures: faces, hands, heads, cupcakes, robots, even a swirly pile of brown poop with eyes and a smile. These symbols acquired a name in 1990: emoticon, a portmanteau word made by combining emotion and icon. In 1997 or so, the Japanese word for pictograph- emoji- went international as a term for emoticons produced with Unicode. Note: The similarity of emoji to emoticon is coincidental. The Japanese word was coined in 1928, perhaps on the model of English pictograph: Japanese e = picture; moji = letter or character. So far, more than 700 emojis are available, with more on the way. Vyvyan Evans, a professor of linguistics at Bangor University (Wales), refers to the use of emojis as a language called Emoji: Emoji is the fastest growing form of language ever based on its incredible adoption rate and speed of evolution. As a visual language emoji has already eclipsed hieroglyphics, its ancient Egyptian precursor, which took centuries to develop. According to a Table Talk Mobile survey of 2,000 Britons, ages 18-65, â€Å"more than eight in 10 Brits are now using emoji to communicate regularly.† Users in the 18 to 25-year-old age bracket said they found it easier to put their feelings across in emoji icons than in text. Of the over forties, 54% said they were confused by what the symbols meant. Professor Evans doesn’t think that pictorial language will replace the kind that depends on words, but he does expect it to augment written language, making it â€Å"more appealing to younger readers†: I think it’s conceivable that emoji will increasingly be used to complement digital versions of written works. For instance, the inclusion of emoji to help convey meaning in abridged versions of Shakespeare could help bring those great stories to life for a whole new generation. Although I think that emojis are fun to use, I’m glad that I learned to understand and appreciate Shakespeare without the aid of picture writing. My high school generation not only read the plays as they were written, we memorized whole swathes of words from Julius Caesar (9th grade), As You Like It (10th grade), Romeo and Juliet (11th grade), and Macbeth (12th grade). I suppose this description from Macbeth could be rendered in Emoji, but I doubt the drawings of a bird and some trees would send goose bumps down my arms all these years later: Light thickens, and the crow Makes wing to th rooky wood. Good things of day begin to droop and drowse; Whiles nights black agents to their preys do rouse. But, different times, different customs. BBC’s Newsbeat, a site aimed at a young audience, features a weekly news quiz written in emoji. Tennis player Andy Murray tweeted about his wedding in emoji. Note: There is disagreement as to the plural of emoji. Some speakers prefer to use the same form for both: one emoji/two emoji. Others think that emoji should follow the English rule and add s to form the plural: one emoji/two emojis. The AP Stylebook has ruled in favor of emojis. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" Hyper and HypoEbook, eBook, ebook or e-book?

Analysis of Case JetBlue Airline's Success Story Essay

Analysis of Case JetBlue Airline's Success Story - Essay Example For one, all airlines were facing serious financial crunch with customers losing confidence in security arrangements on airlines and government urging airlines to invest more on the same. With additional costs being incurred on safety measures, prices per ticket went up and this ultimately led to fewer people choosing US airlines. The only way JetBlue could succeed was by discovering and developing a business model that would promote cost efficiency and effectiveness. Luring customers with lower prices is always easy but offering them quality service and making money at the same time are gargantuan tasks. The firm thus planned to use its resources efficiently by transferring costs from unproductive services to more productive once and hence creating value. Value led to volume and this led to lower fares and ultimate success. The few core areas that JetBlue targeted were cost, operations, technology, marketing and human resource. JetBlue knew that cutting costs is not always the best practice unless it is matched by higher quality as well. It is easier to cut costs and offer sloppy service but if a firm wants to succeed in the long run and create a good image in the mind of the passengers, it is important to reduce costs by investing in more productive services. The airlines refused to serve meals on any of its flights. This could have been a dangerous move since people expect meals on flights especially long ones. But JetBlue thought of an alternative. Instead of serving meals, it served chips, crackers and cookies along with canned drinks and coffee. This way, passengers had enough to eat while the firm was saving money. While an ordinary meal would cost $4 per customer, snacks were costing 12-14 cents per passenger. Besides, serving snacks also went well with the firm's image as a fun airline. The firm decided to offer core services at cheaper rates. This meant providing customers with services that they would really appreciate. Since people had already been complaining of airline food, it was about time that money was shifted to something better. JetBlue decided that a fraction of the money it saved on food could be easily transferred to such services as leather seats and personal television sets. In the end, the firm emerged a winner with its business model allowing more cost effectiveness and efficiency. The firm stands just a notch below SouthWest in terms of cost per passenger mile ($6.43 and $6.33 respectively) but stands far ahead of other airlines and industry average of $12.45 per passenger mile. Scanlon (2003) quotes USDTV CEO and writes: "We like what JetBlue has done, we like what Dell Computers has done and we like what Toyota has done," says CEO Lindsley, referring in particular to JetBlue's success at challenging its larger competitors by offering bare-bones service at cheaper prices. "These companies were able to gain a foothold in very maturing industries, even with incumbents that are well- heeled." The airline also uses A-320s instead of Boeing 737s since the former is more fuel-efficient. Operations: Interestingly JetBlue has no class distinctions on its flights. There is only one class, which means equal service to everyone, and no compromise on quality. Apart from that, it also allows the firm to use its human resources more efficiently since staff can be interchanged between flights. There were fewer scheduling issues to handle. Another operational choice and a wise one at that was